{"product_id":"combined-ratio","title":"Combined Ratio Calculator","description":"\u003cstyle\u003e\n.cr-calculator {\n  --ink: #0f172a;\n  --muted: #475569;\n  --border: #e2e8f0;\n  --surface: #ffffff;\n  --tint: #f8fafc;\n  --primary: #1d4ed8;\n  --accent: #c2410c;\n  --accent-hover: #9a3412;\n  --chart-1: #1e40af;\n  --chart-2: #0d9488;\n  --chart-3: #7c3aed;\n  --chart-4: #be185d;\n  --chart-5: #334155;\n  width: 100%;\n  container-type: inline-size;\n  max-width: 1200px;\n  margin: 0 auto;\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", sans-serif;\n  font-size: 15px;\n  line-height: 1.55;\n  background: var(--surface);\n}\n.cr-calculator,\n.cr-calculator *,\n.cr-calculator *::before,\n.cr-calculator *::after {\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n.cr-calculator [hidden] {\n  display: none !important;\n}\n.cr-calculator h2,\n.cr-calculator h3,\n.cr-calculator p {\n  margin-top: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator a {\n  color: var(--primary);\n  text-decoration-thickness: 1px;\n  text-underline-offset: 2px;\n}\n.cr-calculator a:hover {\n  text-decoration-thickness: 2px;\n}\n.cr-calculator button,\n.cr-calculator input {\n  font: inherit;\n}\n.cr-calculator button {\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.cr-calculator button:focus-visible,\n.cr-calculator input:focus-visible,\n.cr-calculator a:focus-visible {\n  outline: 3px solid rgba(29, 78, 216, .34);\n  outline-offset: 2px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-shell {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 24px;\n  padding: 24px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  background: var(--tint);\n  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(15, 23, 42, .06);\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-header {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 12px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-title {\n  margin: 0;\n  font-size: 24px;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  letter-spacing: -.02em;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-subtitle {\n  max-width: 780px;\n  margin-bottom: 0;\n  color: var(--muted);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-pills {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  gap: 8px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-pill {\n  display: inline-flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 8px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 6px 10px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 999px;\n  background: var(--surface);\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 500;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-pill strong {\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-toolbar {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 12px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-button {\n  min-height: 46px;\n  border-radius: 6px;\n  border: 1px solid transparent;\n  padding: 11px 18px;\n  font-size: 15px;\n  font-weight: 650;\n  line-height: 1.2;\n  transition: background-color .15s ease, border-color .15s ease, box-shadow .15s ease, transform .05s ease;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-button:active {\n  transform: translateY(1px);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-download {\n  display: inline-flex;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 10px;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n  background: var(--accent);\n  color: #ffffff;\n  border-color: var(--accent);\n  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(15, 23, 42, .12);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-download:hover {\n  background: var(--accent-hover);\n  border-color: var(--accent-hover);\n  box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(15, 23, 42, .16);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-download-icon {\n  width: 18px;\n  height: 18px;\n  flex: 0 0 18px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-reset {\n  background: var(--surface);\n  color: var(--ink);\n  border-color: #cbd5e1;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-reset:hover {\n  border-color: #94a3b8;\n  background: #f1f5f9;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-workspace {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);\n  gap: 24px;\n  align-items: start;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-card {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 20px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  background: var(--surface);\n  box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(15, 23, 42, .06);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-section-heading {\n  margin-bottom: 4px;\n  font-size: 18px;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n  font-weight: 650;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-section-intro {\n  margin-bottom: 16px;\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 14px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-form-grid {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 220px), 1fr));\n  gap: 16px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-field {\n  display: grid;\n  align-content: start;\n  gap: 8px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-label {\n  display: inline-block;\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-size: 14px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-input-wrap {\n  position: relative;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-input {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  height: 46px;\n  padding: 10px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;\n  border-radius: 6px;\n  background: #ffffff;\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-size: 15px;\n  font-weight: 400;\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n  transition: border-color .15s ease, box-shadow .15s ease;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-input:hover {\n  border-color: #94a3b8;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-input:focus {\n  border-color: var(--primary);\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(29, 78, 216, .12);\n  outline: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-input[aria-invalid=\"true\"] {\n  border-color: #b91c1c;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-helper,\n.cr-calculator .cr-error {\n  min-height: 40px;\n  margin: 0;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 500;\n  line-height: 1.45;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-helper {\n  color: var(--muted);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-error {\n  color: #991b1b;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-results {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 16px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-primary-result {\n  padding: 20px;\n  border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  background: #eff6ff;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-primary-label {\n  display: block;\n  margin-bottom: 4px;\n  color: #1e3a8a;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 650;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-primary-value {\n  display: block;\n  color: #172554;\n  font-size: 30px;\n  line-height: 1.15;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-primary-note {\n  margin: 8px 0 0;\n  color: #1e3a8a;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 500;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-grid {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min(100%, 190px), 1fr));\n  gap: 12px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-card {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 14px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  background: var(--surface);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-label {\n  display: block;\n  margin-bottom: 4px;\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-value {\n  display: block;\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-size: 20px;\n  line-height: 1.25;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n  overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-sub {\n  display: block;\n  margin-top: 4px;\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 500;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-alert {\n  display: none;\n  margin: 0;\n  padding: 10px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid #fecaca;\n  border-radius: 6px;\n  background: #fef2f2;\n  color: #991b1b;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-alert.cr-show {\n  display: block;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-breakdown-card,\n.cr-calculator .cr-table-card {\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-cluster {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 320px) minmax(0, 420px);\n  width: min(100%, 780px);\n  margin-inline: auto;\n  justify-content: center;\n  align-items: center;\n  gap: 24px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-visual {\n  display: grid;\n  place-items: center;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-svg {\n  display: block;\n  width: min(100%, 320px);\n  aspect-ratio: 1;\n  overflow: visible;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-svg circle {\n  transition: stroke-dasharray .18s ease, stroke-dashoffset .18s ease;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-total {\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\n  text-align: center;\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-total strong {\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-size: 20px;\n  font-weight: 700;\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend {\n  display: grid;\n  gap: 10px;\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-row {\n  display: grid;\n  grid-template-columns: 14px max-content max-content max-content;\n  justify-content: start;\n  align-items: center;\n  column-gap: 12px;\n  row-gap: 4px;\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 10px 0;\n  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-row:last-child {\n  border-bottom: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-swatch {\n  width: 12px;\n  height: 12px;\n  border-radius: 3px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-name,\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-value,\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-percent {\n  min-width: 0;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-name {\n  color: var(--ink);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-value,\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-percent {\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-empty {\n  display: grid;\n  place-items: center;\n  width: 100%;\n  min-height: 112px;\n  padding: 16px;\n  border: 1px dashed #94a3b8;\n  border-radius: 6px;\n  background: var(--tint);\n  color: var(--muted);\n  text-align: center;\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 600;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-callout,\n.cr-calculator .cr-table-note {\n  margin-top: 16px;\n  padding: 10px 12px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 6px;\n  background: var(--tint);\n  color: var(--muted);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 500;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-callout strong,\n.cr-calculator .cr-table-note strong {\n  color: var(--ink);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-safe-stack .cr-chart-cluster {\n  width: min(100%, 420px);\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 320px);\n  row-gap: 24px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-safe-stack .cr-chart-callout {\n  margin-top: 20px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table-overflow {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 0;\n  overflow-x: auto;\n  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table {\n  width: 100%;\n  min-width: 680px;\n  border-collapse: collapse;\n  border-spacing: 0;\n  font-size: 14px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table th,\n.cr-calculator .cr-table td {\n  padding: 11px 12px;\n  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n  text-align: left;\n  vertical-align: top;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table th {\n  background: #f1f5f9;\n  color: var(--ink);\n  font-size: 13px;\n  font-weight: 650;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table td {\n  color: var(--muted);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table td.cr-numeric,\n.cr-calculator .cr-table th.cr-numeric {\n  text-align: right;\n  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n  white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-table tbody tr:last-child td {\n  border-bottom: 0;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-safe-table-stack .cr-table-note {\n  margin-top: 20px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education {\n  min-width: 0;\n  padding: 24px;\n  border: 1px solid var(--border);\n  border-radius: 8px;\n  background: var(--surface);\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education h2 {\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\n  font-size: 22px;\n  line-height: 1.3;\n  font-weight: 700;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education h3 {\n  margin: 24px 0 8px;\n  font-size: 18px;\n  line-height: 1.35;\n  font-weight: 650;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education p {\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\n  color: #334155;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education ul {\n  margin: 8px 0 16px;\n  padding-left: 22px;\n  color: #334155;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-education li {\n  margin-bottom: 8px;\n}\n.cr-calculator .cr-form-grid \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-workspace \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-result-grid \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-chart-cluster \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-toolbar \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-pills \u003e *,\n.cr-calculator .cr-legend-row \u003e * {\n  min-width: 0;\n}\n@container (min-width: 900px) {\n  .cr-calculator .cr-workspace {\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr);\n  }\n}\n@container (max-width: 899px) {\n  .cr-calculator .cr-chart-cluster {\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 320px);\n    row-gap: 20px;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-row {\n    grid-template-columns: 14px max-content max-content;\n    justify-content: start;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-name {\n    grid-column: 2 \/ 4;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-value {\n    grid-column: 2;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-percent {\n    grid-column: 3;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 639px) {\n  .cr-calculator .cr-chart-cluster {\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 320px);\n    row-gap: 20px;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-shell {\n    padding: 16px;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-card,\n  .cr-calculator .cr-education {\n    padding: 16px;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-chart-callout,\n  .cr-calculator .cr-table-note {\n    margin-top: 16px;\n  }\n}\n@media (max-width: 420px) {\n  .cr-calculator .cr-shell {\n    gap: 20px;\n    padding: 12px;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-toolbar {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-button {\n    width: 100%;\n    justify-content: center;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-row {\n    grid-template-columns: 14px max-content max-content;\n    justify-content: start;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-name {\n    grid-column: 2 \/ 4;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-value {\n    grid-column: 2;\n    white-space: normal;\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-legend-percent {\n    grid-column: 3;\n    justify-self: start;\n  }\n  .cr-calculator .cr-table-note,\n  .cr-calculator .cr-chart-callout {\n    margin-top: 12px;\n  }\n}\n\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"cr-calculator\" data-calculator-root\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"cr-shell\"\u003e\n    \u003cheader class=\"cr-header\"\u003e\n      \u003ch2 class=\"cr-title\"\u003eCombined Ratio Calculator\u003c\/h2\u003e\n      \u003cp class=\"cr-subtitle\"\u003eMeasure an insurer’s underwriting efficiency by comparing claim costs and underwriting expenses with earned premiums.\u003c\/p\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-pills\" aria-label=\"Live calculation summary\"\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"cr-pill\"\u003eCombined ratio \u003cstrong data-cr-pill-ratio\u003e66.67%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"cr-pill\"\u003eUnderwriting result \u003cstrong data-cr-pill-result\u003e$4,000,000.00\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"cr-pill\"\u003eLoss ratio \u003cstrong data-cr-pill-loss\u003e56.67%\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n        \u003cspan class=\"cr-pill\"\u003eStatus \u003cstrong data-cr-pill-status\u003eUnderwriting profit\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003c\/header\u003e\n\n    \u003cdiv class=\"cr-toolbar\" aria-label=\"Calculator actions\"\u003e\n      \u003cbutton class=\"cr-button cr-download\" type=\"button\" data-cr-download\u003e\n        \u003csvg class=\"cr-download-icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"\u003e\n          \u003cpath d=\"M12 3v11m0 0 4-4m-4 4-4-4M5 17v3h14v-3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n        \u003cspan\u003eDownload Excel\u003c\/span\u003e\n      \u003c\/button\u003e\n      \u003cbutton class=\"cr-button cr-reset\" type=\"button\" data-cr-reset\u003eReset\u003c\/button\u003e\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cdiv class=\"cr-workspace\"\u003e\n      \u003csection class=\"cr-card\" aria-labelledby=\"cr-inputs-heading\"\u003e\n        \u003ch3 class=\"cr-section-heading\" id=\"cr-inputs-heading\"\u003eUnderwriting inputs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n        \u003cp class=\"cr-section-intro\"\u003eEnter non-negative amounts for the same reporting period and accounting basis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"cr-form-grid\"\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-field\"\u003e\n            \u003clabel class=\"cr-label\" for=\"cr-premiums\"\u003eEarned premiums\u003c\/label\u003e\n            \u003cdiv class=\"cr-input-wrap\"\u003e\n              \u003cinput class=\"cr-input\" id=\"cr-premiums\" data-cr-input=\"premiums\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"$12,000,000.00\" aria-describedby=\"cr-premiums-help cr-premiums-error\"\u003e\n            \u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-helper\" id=\"cr-premiums-help\"\u003ePremium revenue earned during the period. This is the denominator for each ratio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-error\" id=\"cr-premiums-error\" data-cr-error=\"premiums\" aria-live=\"polite\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-field\"\u003e\n            \u003clabel class=\"cr-label\" for=\"cr-claim-loss\"\u003eClaim losses\u003c\/label\u003e\n            \u003cdiv class=\"cr-input-wrap\"\u003e\n              \u003cinput class=\"cr-input\" id=\"cr-claim-loss\" data-cr-input=\"claimLoss\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"$4,500,000.00\" aria-describedby=\"cr-claim-loss-help cr-claim-loss-error\"\u003e\n            \u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-helper\" id=\"cr-claim-loss-help\"\u003eIncurred claim amounts, including paid claims and changes in claim reserves when applicable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-error\" id=\"cr-claim-loss-error\" data-cr-error=\"claimLoss\" aria-live=\"polite\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-field\"\u003e\n            \u003clabel class=\"cr-label\" for=\"cr-loss-adjustments\"\u003eLoss adjustment expenses\u003c\/label\u003e\n            \u003cdiv class=\"cr-input-wrap\"\u003e\n              \u003cinput class=\"cr-input\" id=\"cr-loss-adjustments\" data-cr-input=\"lossAdjustments\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"$2,300,000.00\" aria-describedby=\"cr-loss-adjustments-help cr-loss-adjustments-error\"\u003e\n            \u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-helper\" id=\"cr-loss-adjustments-help\"\u003eCosts of investigating, handling, settling, and defending claims.\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-error\" id=\"cr-loss-adjustments-error\" data-cr-error=\"lossAdjustments\" aria-live=\"polite\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-field\"\u003e\n            \u003clabel class=\"cr-label\" for=\"cr-underwriting-expense\"\u003eUnderwriting expenses\u003c\/label\u003e\n            \u003cdiv class=\"cr-input-wrap\"\u003e\n              \u003cinput class=\"cr-input\" id=\"cr-underwriting-expense\" data-cr-input=\"underwritingExpense\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" value=\"$1,200,000.00\" aria-describedby=\"cr-underwriting-expense-help cr-underwriting-expense-error\"\u003e\n            \u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-helper\" id=\"cr-underwriting-expense-help\"\u003eAcquisition, commission, policy administration, and other underwriting operating costs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cp class=\"cr-error\" id=\"cr-underwriting-expense-error\" data-cr-error=\"underwritingExpense\" aria-live=\"polite\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003c\/section\u003e\n\n      \u003csection class=\"cr-card cr-results\" aria-labelledby=\"cr-results-heading\"\u003e\n        \u003cdiv\u003e\n          \u003ch3 class=\"cr-section-heading\" id=\"cr-results-heading\"\u003eLive results\u003c\/h3\u003e\n          \u003cp class=\"cr-section-intro\"\u003eRatios are calculated on a financial basis using earned premiums.\u003c\/p\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003cp class=\"cr-alert\" data-cr-alert role=\"alert\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"cr-primary-result\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\"\u003e\n          \u003cspan class=\"cr-primary-label\"\u003eCombined ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003cstrong class=\"cr-primary-value\" data-cr-primary\u003e66.67%\u003c\/strong\u003e\n          \u003cp class=\"cr-primary-note\" data-cr-primary-note\u003eBelow 100%: the underwriting operation is profitable before investment income.\u003c\/p\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-grid\"\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eLoss expense\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-loss-expense\u003e$6,800,000.00\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003eClaims plus adjustment expenses\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eLoss ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-loss-ratio\u003e56.67%\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003eLoss expense ÷ earned premiums\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eExpense ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-expense-ratio\u003e10.00%\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003eUnderwriting expense ÷ earned premiums\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eUnderwriting result\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-underwriting-result\u003e$4,000,000.00\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003ePremiums minus claim and underwriting costs\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eUnderwriting margin\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-margin\u003e33.33%\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003eUnderwriting result ÷ earned premiums\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-result-card\"\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-label\"\u003eCost per $1 premium\u003c\/span\u003e\n            \u003cstrong class=\"cr-result-value\" data-cr-cost-dollar\u003e$0.67\u003c\/strong\u003e\n            \u003cspan class=\"cr-result-sub\"\u003eClaims and expenses per premium dollar\u003c\/span\u003e\n          \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003c\/section\u003e\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003csection class=\"cr-card cr-breakdown-card\" data-cr-chart-card aria-labelledby=\"cr-breakdown-heading\"\u003e\n      \u003ch3 class=\"cr-section-heading\" id=\"cr-breakdown-heading\"\u003eUnderwriting cost mix\u003c\/h3\u003e\n      \u003cp class=\"cr-section-intro\" data-cr-chart-intro\u003eThe chart allocates total underwriting outflows among claim losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-chart-total\" data-cr-chart-total\u003eTotal underwriting costs: \u003cstrong\u003e$8,000,000.00\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-chart-cluster\" data-cr-chart-cluster\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"cr-chart-visual\" data-cr-chart-visual\u003e\n          \u003csvg class=\"cr-chart-svg\" data-cr-chart-svg viewbox=\"0 0 320 320\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"cr-chart-title cr-chart-desc\"\u003e\n            \u003ctitle id=\"cr-chart-title\"\u003eUnderwriting cost mix\u003c\/title\u003e\n            \u003cdesc id=\"cr-chart-desc\" data-cr-chart-desc\u003eClaim losses $4,500,000.00, 56.25%; loss adjustment expenses $2,300,000.00, 28.75%; underwriting expenses $1,200,000.00, 15.00%.\u003c\/desc\u003e\n          \u003c\/svg\u003e\n          \u003cdiv class=\"cr-chart-empty\" data-cr-chart-empty hidden\u003eEnter claim or expense values above to see the cost breakdown.\u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"cr-legend\" data-cr-legend aria-label=\"Cost mix legend\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-chart-callout\" data-cr-chart-caption\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInterpretation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Claim losses are the largest cost category, while total underwriting costs consume 66.67% of earned premiums.\u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-table-overflow\" data-cr-chart-table-wrap\u003e\n        \u003ctable class=\"cr-table\" aria-label=\"Underwriting cost breakdown data\"\u003e\n          \u003cthead\u003e\n            \u003ctr\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\"\u003eCost category\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"cr-numeric\"\u003eAmount\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"cr-numeric\"\u003eShare of costs\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"cr-numeric\"\u003eShare of premiums\u003c\/th\u003e\n            \u003c\/tr\u003e\n          \u003c\/thead\u003e\n          \u003ctbody data-cr-breakdown-body\u003e\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n        \u003c\/table\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003c\/section\u003e\n\n    \u003csection class=\"cr-card cr-table-card\" data-cr-table-card aria-labelledby=\"cr-analysis-heading\"\u003e\n      \u003ch3 class=\"cr-section-heading\" id=\"cr-analysis-heading\"\u003eRatio analysis\u003c\/h3\u003e\n      \u003cp class=\"cr-section-intro\"\u003eUse the component ratios to identify whether claim performance or operating expenses are driving the combined result.\u003c\/p\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-table-overflow\" data-cr-table-wrap\u003e\n        \u003ctable class=\"cr-table\" aria-label=\"Combined ratio component analysis\"\u003e\n          \u003cthead\u003e\n            \u003ctr\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\"\u003eMetric\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"cr-numeric\"\u003eAmount\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"cr-numeric\"\u003eRatio\u003c\/th\u003e\n              \u003cth scope=\"col\"\u003eMeaning\u003c\/th\u003e\n            \u003c\/tr\u003e\n          \u003c\/thead\u003e\n          \u003ctbody data-cr-analysis-body\u003e\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n        \u003c\/table\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003cdiv class=\"cr-table-note\" data-cr-table-note\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBasis note:\u003c\/strong\u003e This calculator uses earned premiums for both the loss and expense components. Some statutory or trade-basis reports use written premiums for the expense ratio, so confirm the reporting basis before comparing companies.\u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003c\/section\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n  \u003csection class=\"cr-education\" aria-labelledby=\"cr-guide-heading\"\u003e\n    \u003ch2 id=\"cr-guide-heading\"\u003eHow to use and interpret the combined ratio\u003c\/h2\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eThe combined ratio is a compact measure of an insurer’s underwriting performance. It compares the costs of claims, claim handling, and underwriting operations with premium revenue earned during the same period. A result below 100% indicates an underwriting profit, 100% indicates break-even underwriting, and a result above 100% indicates an underwriting loss. The measure deliberately excludes investment income, so it should be read as an operating indicator rather than a complete measure of company-wide profitability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003ch3\u003eWhat each input means\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEarned premiums\u003c\/strong\u003e are the premium revenues recognized for coverage already provided. This field is required for a meaningful ratio and should be greater than zero. Use earned premiums rather than cash collections or total written premiums when applying the financial-basis formula shown here. Higher earned premiums reduce the ratios when costs remain unchanged; lower premiums increase them. A common mistake is mixing premiums from one period with losses from another.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClaim losses\u003c\/strong\u003e represent incurred claim costs for the reporting period. Depending on the reporting framework, this commonly includes claims paid plus changes in outstanding claim reserves. Enter a non-negative currency amount. Higher claim losses increase the loss ratio and combined ratio dollar for dollar. Unusually low values may reflect favorable experience, but they can also result from reserve releases or incomplete reporting, so the underlying data should be reviewed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoss adjustment expenses\u003c\/strong\u003e cover the cost of investigating, handling, settling, and defending claims. These costs may include adjuster fees, legal expenses, and internal claims operations. They are added to claim losses to produce total loss expense. Omitting them understates the loss ratio. Higher adjustment expenses raise both the loss ratio and the combined ratio, even when the actual claim payments do not change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderwriting expenses\u003c\/strong\u003e include commissions, acquisition costs, policy issuance, administration, and other operating costs associated with writing and servicing insurance business. Higher underwriting expenses increase the expense ratio and combined ratio. Ensure the amount uses the same basis and period as the premium figure. Do not include investment expenses or unrelated corporate costs unless the reporting convention specifically classifies them as underwriting expenses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003ch3\u003eHow the calculation works\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eThe calculator first adds claim losses and loss adjustment expenses to determine loss expense. It then divides loss expense by earned premiums to calculate the loss ratio. Underwriting expenses divided by earned premiums produce the expense ratio. The combined ratio is the sum of those two ratios, which is equivalent to dividing total underwriting costs by earned premiums. The underwriting result equals earned premiums minus loss expense and underwriting expenses. The underwriting margin is that result divided by earned premiums, so it is mathematically equal to 100% minus the combined ratio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eThe formula is useful because it separates two operating questions. The loss ratio shows how effectively premiums cover claims and claim-handling costs. The expense ratio shows how much of premium revenue is consumed by acquisition and administration. The \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/content.naic.org\/glossary-insurance-terms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eNAIC insurance glossary\u003c\/a\u003e describes the combined ratio as an indicator of insurer profitability formed by adding the loss and expense ratios. The \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.irmi.com\/term\/insurance-definitions\/combined-ratio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eIRMI definition of combined ratio\u003c\/a\u003e also explains that reporting conventions can differ between financial and trade bases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003ch3\u003eUnderstanding the results\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombined ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e is the primary result. A value of 95% means the insurer spends about $0.95 on claims and underwriting expenses for every $1.00 of earned premium, leaving roughly $0.05 of underwriting profit before investment income and other non-underwriting items. A value of 105% means costs exceed premiums by about $0.05 per premium dollar. Zero is possible only when all included costs are zero; a negative combined ratio is not economically meaningful with non-negative inputs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoss expense\u003c\/strong\u003e is the dollar total of claim losses and loss adjustment expenses. \u003cstrong\u003eLoss ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e expresses that total as a percentage of earned premiums. The separate \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.irmi.com\/term\/insurance-definitions\/loss-ratio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eIRMI loss ratio definition\u003c\/a\u003e is useful when comparing claim performance across periods or lines of business. \u003cstrong\u003eExpense ratio\u003c\/strong\u003e isolates underwriting operating costs. A high combined ratio can therefore be caused by adverse claims, inefficient expenses, or both.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderwriting result\u003c\/strong\u003e is the remaining dollar amount after subtracting all included underwriting costs from earned premiums. It is positive below a 100% combined ratio, zero at 100%, and negative above 100%. \u003cstrong\u003eUnderwriting margin\u003c\/strong\u003e expresses the same result as a percentage of premiums. \u003cstrong\u003eCost per $1 premium\u003c\/strong\u003e converts the combined ratio into an intuitive dollar figure: a 66.67% combined ratio appears as approximately $0.67 of cost per premium dollar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003ch3\u003eReading the chart and tables\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eThe donut chart shows how total underwriting costs are distributed across claim losses, loss adjustment expenses, and underwriting expenses. Segment percentages are shares of total costs, while the data table also shows each category as a share of premiums. This distinction matters: a category can dominate the cost mix even when the overall combined ratio is comfortably below 100%. The ratio analysis table cross-checks the arithmetic and provides a concise explanation of each component.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eWhen comparing insurers or reporting periods, use consistent definitions, periods, and gross-versus-net treatment. Reinsurance, reserve development, catastrophe activity, and accounting basis can materially affect the figures. The \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.iii.org\/publications\/commercial-insurance\/how-it-functions\/financial-reporting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eInsurance Information Institute’s financial reporting overview\u003c\/a\u003e notes that the combined ratio excludes investment income, which explains why an insurer may report an underwriting loss while remaining profitable overall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003ch3\u003ePractical checks and common mistakes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cul\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eUse amounts from the same reporting period and the same gross or net basis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eConfirm whether the expense ratio denominator is earned or written premium before benchmarking.\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eInclude loss adjustment expenses rather than treating claims paid as the entire loss cost.\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eInvestigate large changes in reserve estimates, catastrophe losses, commissions, or acquisition spending.\u003c\/li\u003e\n      \u003cli\u003eAvoid treating a single ratio as a complete solvency or valuation assessment; review capital, reserves, liquidity, investment income, and trend data as well.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003c\/ul\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eThis calculator is an analytical aid and does not provide accounting, actuarial, legal, tax, investment, or regulatory advice. For formal reporting, use the definitions and instructions required by the relevant jurisdiction and accounting framework.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"FinancialModelsLab","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49909482455283,"sku":"combined-ratio","price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0522\/6191\/2762\/files\/combined-ratio.webp?v=1783935411","url":"https:\/\/financialmodelslab.com\/products\/combined-ratio","provider":"Financial Models Lab","version":"1.0","type":"link"}