| Office Rent |
Fixed |
Use $3,500 per month from Month 1 through Month 60 as part of the base monthly overhead. |
Scaling rent with customer count instead of holding it flat across the planning range. |
| General Software Licenses |
Fixed |
Use $1,200 per month as a recurring operating expense that does not change with each new customer. |
Treating internal tools as usage-based delivery costs when the model lists a fixed monthly amount. |
| Payroll |
Semi-fixed |
Use staffing as a step expense: first-year wages are $365,000 annually, then hiring rises in later years. |
Spreading payroll as a percent of revenue instead of adding headcount in hiring steps. |
| Online Marketing Budget |
Semi-fixed |
Model budget steps by year: $150,000 in the first year and $300,000 in the second year. |
Letting marketing float perfectly with revenue instead of planning budget jumps by stage. |
| Cloud Infrastructure & Data Processing |
Variable |
Apply 6.8% of revenue in the first year, falling to 5.0% by the fifth year. |
Putting hosting into fixed overhead and missing the load from more data, users, and monitored assets. |
| Third-Party API & Data Services |
Variable |
Apply 3.7% of revenue in the first year, declining to 2.8% by the fifth year. |
Ignoring per-customer data usage and overstating gross margin as paid accounts grow. |
| Sales Commissions & Bonuses |
Variable |
Apply 6.3% of revenue in the first year, tapering to 4.5% by the fifth year. |
Counting commissions as fixed payroll and understating the true cost of new bookings. |
| Customer Onboarding & Integration Support |
Variable |
Apply 2.7% of revenue in the first year, easing to 1.8% by the fifth year. |
Treating implementation support as fixed when every new industrial site adds work. |