How Much Capital Does a Bee Pollen Collection Business Need?
The first financial decision is whether bee pollen is an add-on to an existing apiary or the reason for building a new beekeeping operation. Those are very different investments. An established beekeeper already owns colonies, hive bodies, field tools, storage space, transport capacity, and much of the labor knowledge. A new entrant must finance all of that before collecting a saleable pound.
For context, Oklahoma State University’s beginner equipment budget put bare-minimum single-hive equipment at $458 and $520 by the end of the first year in 2021, excluding honey-harvest equipment. USDA’s March 2026 honey report shows 2025 average prices of $110 for a package and $130 for a nuc. Commercial planning must allow more than those entry figures because pollen production needs strong colonies, repeatable trap equipment, food-safe handling, cold storage or drying, packaging, insurance, and working capital.
$27K-$250K
A practical planning range runs from an incremental 100-colony pollen line using existing apiary assets to a new integrated 100-colony operation with processing, transport, and six to nine months of working capital.
| Startup category |
Existing 100-colony apiary: incremental range |
New integrated 100-colony operation |
What drives the range |
| Colonies, hive systems, stands, and field gear |
$0-$5,000 |
$50,000-$85,000 |
Existing condition, purchased nucs versus mature colonies, spare boxes, and replacement inventory |
| Pollen traps |
$5,500-$10,000 |
$5,500-$10,000 |
Current commercial examples run roughly $55-$100 per 10-frame trap |
| Food-safe processing area and sanitation setup |
$4,000-$15,000 |
$8,000-$30,000 |
Shared licensed kitchen versus dedicated washable room, pest controls, sinks, and workflow separation |
| Freezing, drying, cleaning, and storage |
$3,000-$10,000 |
$4,000-$12,000 |
Chest freezers, dehumidification, sieves, freeze dryer, backup capacity, and temperature monitoring |
| Packaging, scales, sealer, labels, and opening inventory |
$2,000-$6,000 |
$3,000-$8,000 |
Pouch or jar format, lot coding, label design, and minimum packaging orders |
| Vehicle and trailer |
$0-$8,000 |
$10,000-$35,000 |
Existing truck capacity, route distance, used equipment, and whether colonies move seasonally |
| Registration, insurance, testing, and professional fees |
$2,000-$7,000 |
$3,000-$10,000 |
State rules, product classification, liability limits, label review, and lab test scope |
| Launch marketing and e-commerce setup |
$2,000-$8,000 |
$3,000-$10,000 |
Direct-to-consumer site, photography, sampling, market fees, and wholesale outreach |
| Working capital reserve |
$8,000-$25,000 |
$20,000-$50,000 |
Colony buildup, seasonal payroll, packaging orders, slow customer acquisition, and debt service |
| Total planning range |
$26,500-$94,000 |
$106,500-$250,000 |
Use local quotes and a line-by-line asset list before seeking funding |
A current 10-frame drawer trap is listed at $54.95 by Mann Lake, while assembled premium traps from other major suppliers are near $90-$100. The trap itself is not the expensive part. The cost comes from checking it frequently, protecting wet pollen from spoilage, and maintaining colony strength while pollen is being removed.
Base-case use of startup capital
Colonies and hive systems dominate a new operation; an existing apiary shifts the investment toward processing and working capital.
Colonies and hive systems
35%
Processing and storage
18%
Working capital
18%
Vehicle and movement
12%
Traps, packaging, compliance, and launch
17%
What Does One Pound of Saleable Bee Pollen Really Cost?
The useful unit is not raw pollen removed from the trap. It is a clean, stable, packaged pound that passes the business’s release checks. Moisture, debris, damaged pellets, handling loss, and retained samples can reduce saleable weight. A financial model should therefore separate raw pounds collected from finished pounds sold.
Michigan State University notes that a colony may collect 10-26 kilograms of pollen in a year and recommends harvesting trapped pollen every one to two days and storing it frozen. That biological collection is not the same as a commercially safe harvest. The operator must leave enough pollen for brood rearing, avoid trapping during weak forage periods, and remove product before moisture and mold destroy value. The Michigan State feeding guide is a useful reminder that pollen is the colony’s protein supply, not a free by-product.
Planning unit-economics benchmarks
The business earns on finished, saleable pounds, so raw yield must be reduced for processing loss before pricing and margin are calculated.
5-12 lb
Annual harvested pollen per productive colony
Planning assumption for controlled commercial trapping, not the colony’s total biological collection.
80%-90%
Processing yield
Finished saleable pounds divided by raw pounds entering cleaning and stabilization.
$10-$18
Variable cost per saleable pound
Base planning range for collection labor, processing, packaging, payment fees, and fulfillment.
A Mississippi State beekeeping publication says traps should collect roughly one-quarter to one-half pound per day and should not remain on a colony for more than a few days at a time. Use that as an operational capacity reference, not an annual yield promise. Weather, floral source, trap design, colony population, and collection timing can move actual production sharply. The clean planning rule is simple: model trap-days, not calendar days.
The expensive mistake
Counting every trapped pound as saleable inventory overstates revenue and understates food-safety risk. Build a 10%-20% shrink allowance into the first season, then replace it with measured processing yield by lot.
How Does Bee Pollen Collection Earn Revenue?
Bee pollen can be sold as small direct-to-consumer packages, one-pound bags, wholesale cases, bulk ingredient, or a private-label input. Each channel produces a different price, cash cycle, packaging burden, and customer-acquisition cost. The business should not use one list price for all pounds in the model.
Current consumer pricing illustrates the spread. Stakich lists 4 ounces at $10.95, 1 pound at $26.95, and 40 pounds at $459.95, equal to about $43.80, $26.95, and $11.50 per pound before shipping, promotions, and channel costs. Those are market observations from one seller, not a guaranteed price for local pollen. They show why the revenue mix matters. See the current bee pollen granule pricing.
| Channel |
Planning list price |
Likely net realized price |
Main direct costs |
Cash-flow profile |
| 4-ounce direct package |
$10-$16 per pack |
$32-$48 per pound equivalent |
Small packaging, picking, card fees, customer acquisition, and shipping subsidy |
Fast payment, but marketing cash is spent before repeat behavior is known |
| 1-pound direct package |
$28-$42 |
$25-$38 per pound |
Pouch or jar, fulfillment, payment fees, discounts, and occasional free shipping |
Good average order value; repeat purchase matters more than first-order margin |
| Wholesale case |
$16-$26 per pound |
$14-$23 per pound |
Case packing, broker or distributor margin, samples, and retailer terms |
Larger orders, often net-15 to net-45 payment |
| Bulk ingredient |
$11-$18 per pound |
$10-$16 per pound |
Bulk liner, certificate package, freight, and buyer quality requirements |
Efficient handling but high price pressure and customer concentration |
| Private label or specialty local origin |
$22-$40 per pound |
$19-$34 per pound |
Custom labels, documentation, smaller runs, buyer approval, and account service |
Potentially repeatable contracts, but onboarding can take months |
Channel-mix comparison
A premium retail mix raises revenue per pound, but it also increases packaging, fulfillment, and customer-acquisition work.
Retail-led mix
$34-$42/lb net
Higher revenue per pound, more customer service, more packaging, and a meaningful marketing budget.
Balanced mix
$28-$36/lb net
Combines direct retail, local wholesale, and selective bulk sales to reduce channel concentration.
Bulk-led mix
$12-$20/lb net
Simpler fulfillment, but margins are often too thin to carry a new standalone apiary.
This is why bee pollen is usually stronger as one revenue stream inside a diversified apiary. The Oregon State commercial beekeeping guide recommends that commercial beekeepers focus on two or three revenue sources initially. Honey, pollination services, nucleus colonies, queens, beeswax, propolis, and pollen can share colony and transport costs. A pollen-only model has to recover the entire apiary overhead from a comparatively small harvested volume.
Pollen Yield, Colony Health, and Processing Loss Set the Margin
The margin is controlled in the field before it is visible in the income statement. Strong colonies collect more, but aggressive trapping can reduce pollen stores, increase feeding needs, weaken brood buildup, and reduce honey revenue. The business must measure the profit from pollen together with the revenue it displaces.
Trap-days
Saleable lb per colony
Processing yield
Honey displacement
Feed cost
Colony loss rate
USDA reported that U.S. honey production averaged 48 pounds per producing colony in 2025 and that feed, Varroa treatment, other colony health costs, foundation, and woodenware were material national expenditures. The same USDA NASS honey report recorded 2025 average prices of $22 for queens, $110 for packages, and $130 for nucs. Those replacement values should appear in the pollen model because colony losses and weak queens directly reduce harvestable pounds.
That example is intentionally conservative. A premium local retail product can produce more; a bulk-only product can produce less. The decision test is not “Did the colony collect pollen?” It is “Did this colony create more total cash after pollen trapping than it would have created through honey, pollination, or colony growth?”
Practical planning rule
Run a side-by-side pilot with trapped and untrapped colonies. Track pollen pounds, honey pounds, feed, labor, brood strength, and winter survival. One season of controlled operating data is worth more than a broad industry average.
Where Is Break-Even for a 100-Colony Operation?
Break-even depends on whether the business is measuring the incremental pollen line or the whole apiary. An existing operation may only need pollen traps, processing labor, packaging, testing, and marketing. A new operation must also cover colony ownership, vehicle costs, facility overhead, management time, and debt service.
Here is the quick math. Assume an existing apiary adds a pollen line with $36,000 of annual fixed incremental cost, a $35 net realized price, and $12 of variable cost per finished pound. Contribution is $23 per pound, or 65.7% of revenue. The line must sell about 1,565 pounds, equal to roughly $54,800 of revenue, to break even before debt and income tax.
If each productive colony delivers 8.5 finished pounds, about 184 productive colonies are needed. At 5 finished pounds, the requirement rises above 300 colonies. A 100-colony operation would need either unusually strong saleable yield, a high direct-retail price, lower fixed cost, or supporting income from honey, pollination, and colony sales.
Base break-even snapshot
At the stated assumptions, volume rather than list price becomes the immediate constraint: the operation needs enough productive colonies to supply more than 1,500 finished pounds.
$23
Contribution per finished pound
$35 net price minus $12 direct variable cost.
1,565 lb
Annual break-even volume
$36,000 fixed pollen-line cost divided by $23 contribution per pound.
184 colonies
Productive colony requirement
Assumes 8.5 saleable pounds per productive colony.
Labor is the easiest cost to hide. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a $35,980 median annual wage for agricultural workers in May 2024 and explicitly includes workers caring for bees within farm and ranch animal work. The loaded hourly cost is higher after payroll taxes, workers’ compensation, recruiting, training, travel time, and overtime. Use the local wage data linked from the BLS agricultural worker profile, not an owner’s unpaid labor assumption.
| Average monthly operating cost |
Low range |
High range |
Cost behavior |
| Feed, treatments, queens, and colony replacement reserve |
$1,000 |
$2,500 |
Seasonal and partly variable by colony condition |
| Field labor |
$1,800 |
$4,500 |
Driven by apiary count, route density, trap frequency, and overtime |
| Processing and packing labor |
$900 |
$2,800 |
Variable with raw pounds and package size |
| Facility, utilities, freezer, dryer, and sanitation |
$500 |
$1,500 |
Mostly fixed, with harvest-season utility spikes |
| Packaging and fulfillment |
$800 |
$3,000 |
Variable by order count, package size, and shipping policy |
| Vehicle, fuel, and route maintenance |
$500 |
$1,500 |
Mixed fixed and variable; route density is critical |
| Marketing and e-commerce |
$600 |
$2,000 |
Discretionary, but cutting it may slow repeatable sales |
| Insurance, testing, admin, software, and repairs |
$500 |
$1,500 |
Mostly fixed with periodic testing and repair spikes |
| Total average monthly operating cost |
$6,600 |
$19,300 |
Before owner draw, debt principal, income taxes, and major replacement capex |
What Can the Owner Realistically Earn?
Owner income is not revenue, gross profit, or EBITDA. The owner can safely draw only what remains after direct product cost, employee labor, colony health, facility overhead, marketing, insurance, professional fees, debt service, taxes, maintenance capital, emergency reserves, and working capital. A good model pays the owner a market wage for actual labor before it calls the remaining return “profit.”
The scenario table below is not an industry average. It is transparent planning math for a diversified operation where pollen sits beside honey, pollination, and colony-related income. Oregon State’s commercial beekeeping revenue guide explains why several revenue sources help buffer changes in any one stream.
| Annual scenario |
Conservative |
Base |
Upside |
| Productive colonies |
150 |
250 |
500 |
| Finished pollen pounds |
750 |
1,760 |
4,500 |
| Pollen revenue |
$24,000 |
$61,600 |
$171,000 |
| Honey, pollination, colony, and other revenue |
$62,000 |
$115,000 |
$260,000 |
| Total revenue |
$86,000 |
$176,600 |
$431,000 |
| Cash operating costs, including paid labor |
$75,000 |
$125,600 |
$285,000 |
| Operating cash profit before debt, tax, and reserves |
$11,000 |
$51,000 |
$146,000 |
| Debt service, tax provision, maintenance capex, and reserve |
$10,000 |
$22,000 |
$48,000 |
| Total potential owner draw |
$1,000 |
$29,000 |
$98,000 |
The scenarios show the core investment truth: a small operation can be technically profitable and still fail to support a full-time owner. A 100-colony pollen business is more likely to be a side line, a product extension, or the first stage of a diversified apiary than a standalone wage replacement.
How Much Working Capital Is Needed Through the Seasonal Cash Cycle?
Bee pollen is collected during forage windows, but many costs arrive before those windows. Colonies must be fed, treated, requeened, inspected, and transported before revenue appears. Packaging may require deposits. Wholesale buyers may pay weeks after delivery. A business can report a profit for the season and still miss payroll in the spring.
Typical cash cycle
Cash is usually most exposed before and during the first major collection period.
Months 1-2
Buy or repair traps, order packaging, pay insurance, prepare colonies, and reserve replacement queens or nucs.
Months 3-5
Peak field labor and route mileage begin. Pollen enters freezing or drying, but finished inventory may not yet be sold.
Months 5-8
Retail sales build, wholesale samples convert, and accounts receivable grows. Reorders are still uncertain.
Months 9-12
Cash from the season is available, but winter feed, colony losses, repairs, and next season’s packaging compete with owner draws.
A practical reserve is the larger of three calculations: three to six months of fixed cash expense; the pre-harvest buildup of feed, labor, and packaging; or the largest expected cumulative cash deficit in the monthly model. For a 100-colony operation, that commonly produces a planning reserve of $20,000-$50,000 when the business is new. An existing apiary with strong cash flow and shared labor may need less.
Cash coverage test
Ending cash should remain above one month of essential payroll, colony feed and treatment, utilities, insurance, and scheduled debt service after a downside case with 25% lower saleable yield and 15% lower net price.
A small freeze dryer can also create a timing bottleneck. Harvest Right currently lists home units from about $1,695 and a medium scientific unit at about $3,395, but equipment price is not the only constraint. Batch time, tray capacity, backup plans, and electricity determine whether wet product waits too long. Review current freeze-dryer pricing and specifications, then size the model to peak weekly raw pounds rather than annual volume.
Compliance, Labeling, and Product Risk
The regulatory path depends on how the product is represented and where it is processed. Bee pollen sold as a conventional food and bee pollen labeled as a dietary supplement do not use the same label panel or claim framework. State and local food rules, apiary registration, zoning, farmers’ market rules, and facility requirements can add another layer.
FDA’s food business guidance explains that food firms may face federal, state, and local requirements, including food-facility registration and preventive controls where applicable. FDA’s dietary supplement identity guidance also states that a supplement identity may use wording such as “bee pollen supplement.” The operator should decide the product category before printing labels or making claims.
Claims are a financial risk, not just a copywriting issue. FDA’s structure/function claims guidance explains the substantiation, disclaimer, and notification requirements for dietary supplements. Disease-treatment claims can cause the product to be treated as an unapproved drug. FDA has issued warning letters involving bee-product claims, so label and website language should be reviewed together.
| Risk |
Potential financial effect |
Early warning indicator |
Model response |
| Wet pollen, mold, or process failure |
10%-100% loss of a lot, testing cost, refunds, and disposal |
Delayed collection, condensation, temperature excursion, or rising reject rate |
Increase shrink assumption, add backup freezer capacity, and cap daily trap volume |
| Pesticide or environmental contamination concern |
Lot hold, lab expense, lost buyer, and possible recall |
Spray notification, unusual bee mortality, or buyer certificate request |
Budget risk-based testing and traceability by apiary, date, and lot |
| Colony weakness, Varroa pressure, or queen failure |
Lower pollen yield, higher feed, replacement colonies, and lost honey income |
Falling frames of bees, poor brood pattern, or treatment threshold breach |
Reduce productive-colony count and raise replacement reserve |
| Unsupported health claim or labeling error |
Relabeling, destroyed packaging, legal review, marketplace removal, or enforcement |
Claims drift between label, website, social media, and retailer copy |
Add label-review cost and approval controls before any packaging run |
| Allergic reaction allegation |
Product liability claim, refund, retailer concern, and insurance increase |
Customer complaint or inconsistent caution language |
Use consistent warnings, product liability coverage, lot records, and complaint procedures |
| Weak repeat demand |
Inventory buildup, discounting, and customer-acquisition payback failure |
Low 90- or 180-day repeat purchase rate |
Cut acquisition spend, shift package size, or move volume to wholesale |
Bee pollen can provoke severe allergic reactions in susceptible people. A published case report and literature review advises awareness of anaphylaxis risk, especially among people with pollen allergy. Review the PubMed record with qualified counsel and a food-safety professional when setting warnings, insurance limits, and complaint procedures.
Apiary rules also vary. USDA’s National Agricultural Library advises contacting the state department of agriculture and local government about zoning, apiary laws, and inspection. Pennsylvania, for example, lists a $10 apiary registration fee for about two years, while other states use different systems. Budget the rule in the state where each apiary sits, not only where the company is formed.
Which KPIs Should the Financial Model Track?
The KPI dashboard should connect field biology to saleable product and then to cash. A sales dashboard without colony and processing data will identify a problem too late. Exact industry benchmarks are thin, so several ranges below are operating targets to validate during a controlled pilot rather than universal standards.
| KPI |
Formula |
Planning target or warning rule |
Decision and model connection |
| Saleable pollen per productive colony |
Finished pounds ÷ productive colonies |
Initial target 5-12 lb; investigate below 4 lb |
Drives capacity, revenue, and colony break-even |
| Pounds per trap-day |
Raw pounds ÷ active trap-days |
Pilot target 0.15-0.35 lb; compare by site and bloom |
Controls route frequency, labor productivity, and trap placement |
| Processing yield |
Finished saleable pounds ÷ raw pounds |
Target 80%-90%; warning below 80% |
Changes unit cost, inventory, and gross margin |
| Net realized price |
Net product sales ÷ finished pounds sold |
Balanced-channel target $28-$38 per lb |
Tests pricing, discounting, channel mix, and freight policy |
| Contribution per pound |
Net realized price − variable cost per pound |
Target $15-$25; warning below fixed-cost requirement |
Determines break-even volume and marketing tolerance |
| Labor hours per finished pound |
Field plus processing hours ÷ finished pounds |
Target below 0.6-1.0 hour after the pilot |
Reveals route inefficiency, small-batch packing, and overtime risk |
| Colony loss and renovation rate |
Lost or heavily renovated colonies ÷ starting colonies |
Set local baseline; stress-test at 15%-25% |
Feeds replacement capex, productive-colony count, and cash reserve |
| Repeat purchase rate |
Customers making a second purchase ÷ first-time customers |
Internal 12-month goal 30%-45%; segment by package size |
Controls customer-acquisition payback and inventory confidence |
| Marketing payback |
Customer acquisition cost ÷ monthly contribution per acquired customer |
Target under 6 months; pause channels above 12 months |
Sets ad budget, wholesale emphasis, and cash need |
| Debt-service coverage ratio |
Cash available for debt service ÷ annual principal and interest |
Planning target at least 1.25x in the base case |
Determines safe borrowing and lender readiness |
Use a weekly operating dashboard and a monthly financial dashboard
Weekly: trap-days, raw pounds, route hours, processing yield, colony condition, and lot holds. Monthly: realized price, contribution, customer acquisition, repeat purchase, inventory, cash runway, and debt coverage.
The dashboard should also compare actual results with the financial model’s assumptions. A 10% price miss, 15% yield miss, and 20% labor overrun can erase most of the base-case owner draw even when sales look respectable. That is why founders often use a financial model and business plan to test the full assumption chain before committing to scale.
How Should the Business Be Funded and Opened?
The safest opening path is staged. Do not finance a 500-colony processing system before proving saleable yield, food-safe handling, and repeat demand. A lender will be more comfortable with a controlled pilot, customer evidence, collateral, and a monthly cash forecast than with a large market-size claim.
Staged opening path
Validate classification, customer demand, field yield, and handling economics before debt-funded expansion.
1
Choose food or supplement classification and map state rules
2
Secure two or three target channels and test package pricing
3
Pilot traps on 10-20 strong colonies for one forage window
4
Validate processing yield, labor, shelf handling, and lot records
5
Build the 12-month cash model and downside case
6
Scale traps and colonies only after positive contribution and reorders
A reasonable funding stack for a new operation might use 20%-35% owner equity, 25%-45% equipment or term debt, and 20%-30% dedicated working capital. The exact mix depends on collateral, credit, farm history, and whether real estate is involved. Avoid using short-term credit cards for colonies or equipment that take several seasons to repay.
SBA financing can support equipment, inventory, and working capital for eligible rural small businesses. The SBA also describes microloans up to $50,000 for working capital, supplies, machinery, and equipment. Review the current SBA rural business guidance and compare it with USDA Farm Service Agency or local agricultural lender options. Eligibility and collateral requirements vary.
Lender-readiness package
Include owner equity, asset quotes, colony count and condition, permits and label plan, pilot yield, customer evidence, three-year projections, monthly year-one cash flow, debt coverage, collateral, and a downside case with lower yield and slower sales.
What Payback Period Is Realistic?
Payback should use cash available after maintenance capital and debt service, not accounting profit. A short paper payback can stretch when the business spends more on colony replacement, carries inventory longer, subsidizes shipping, or reinvests in additional traps and freezer capacity.
| Incremental 250-colony pollen-line scenario |
Conservative |
Base |
Upside |
| Initial investment |
$70,000 |
$55,000 |
$45,000 |
| Annual cash available for payback |
$12,000 |
$22,000 |
$35,000 |
| Simple payback period |
5.8 years |
2.5 years |
1.3 years |
| What must be true |
Lower yield, bulk-heavy mix, slower repeat sales, and higher labor |
About 7 finished lb per colony, balanced channel mix, controlled labor, and steady reorders |
About 10 finished lb per colony, premium net price, strong route density, and little displaced honey margin |
A new integrated operation usually pays back more slowly because it must recover colonies, vehicle, processing space, and opening losses. A base case of $150,000 invested and $35,000 annual cash available for payback equals about 4.3 years before considering the time value of money. Add a one-year sales ramp and the calendar payback can approach five years.
Payback sensitivity
At 250 colonies, each $5 change in contribution per pound moves annual cash by about $8,800 when finished yield is 7.04 pounds per colony. A one-pound yield change moves annual cash by about $5,750 at $23 contribution per pound.
The investment is attractive only when payback survives a downside case. Test at least three stresses together: 25% lower finished yield, 15% lower realized price, and 20% higher labor hours. If debt coverage falls below 1.0x or cash becomes negative, the project is too highly leveraged or too dependent on premium retail pricing.
The Financial Model Connects Every Operating Decision
A useful model is not a sales forecast with expenses underneath. It starts with productive colonies, trap-days, raw yield, processing loss, package mix, and channel terms. Those inputs create finished pounds, revenue, direct cost, contribution, fixed-cost absorption, cash flow, owner earnings, and payback.
Assumption-to-cash-flow sequence
Every biological and commercial input should flow through to cash available for the owner and the investment payback period.
1
Colonies × trap-days × raw pounds
2
Raw pounds × processing yield
3
Finished pounds × channel price
4
Revenue − variable cost = contribution
5
Contribution − fixed cost = operating profit
6
Profit adjusted for cash timing, debt, tax, capex, and reserves
7
Owner draw and payback
Startup investment affects more than opening cash. It changes debt service, depreciation, insurance, maintenance, and the amount of annual cash needed to justify the project. Pricing affects demand, channel mix, customer-acquisition payback, and wholesale competitiveness. Yield affects revenue, labor efficiency, freezer capacity, and break-even colonies. Working capital determines whether the business can survive the interval between colony spending and customer payment.
That sensitivity is the final decision test. Bee pollen collection can add high-value revenue to strong colonies and a trusted direct-sales brand. It is much harder as a bulk-only standalone business. The financially sound path is to prove colony-level contribution, processing yield, repeat demand, and cash coverage on a controlled scale, then expand only when the model and actual KPI dashboard agree.
