How Much Does a Chestnut Farm Owner Make on 100 Hectares?
A chestnut farm owner can make little or nothing in the early years, then much more once bearing acreage matures In the provided assumptions, revenue is $0 in Years 1–2, about $174k in Year 5, and about $341M in the 100-hectare mature year Cash before owner pay is about $108k in Year 5 and about $316M in the mature year, before debt service, income taxes, reserves, and reinvestment These are researched planning assumptions, not guaranteed salary or tax advice
Owner income$0–$316MNet margin927%Revenue for target pay≈$341MBusiness difficultyHard
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Estimate owner take-home and target-pay gap from revenue, margin, costs, reserves, and target pay.
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Planning note: This is a researched planning estimate, not guaranteed salary, tax advice, or owner distribution advice.
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The dashboard shows revenue, cash before owner pay, operating margin, acreage growth, yield ramp, and pricing; open the Chestnut Farm Financial Model Template.
Owner-income model highlights
Year 5 cash: $108k
Mature cash: $316M
Tabs cover buildout to debt
Acreage, yield, price drivers
How long until a chestnut farm makes money?
Chestnut Farm does not make money in Years 1–2, so the first real cash is still a wait. In Year 3, revenue is about $98k, but cash before owner pay is still negative after lease and direct costs. It turns slightly positive in Year 4 at about $29k, then reaches about $108k in Year 5 before debt, taxes, reserves, and reinvestment; full payback can’t be stated because land purchases, debt terms, and reserve policy are not fully modeled.
Cash timing
Years 1–2: no crop revenue.
Year 3: about $98k revenue.
Year 4: about $29k before owner pay.
Year 5: about $108k before debt.
What keeps payback unclear
Lease and direct costs stay heavy.
Debt terms are not fully modeled.
Reserve policy is not included.
Land purchases are still unknown.
How much profit can a chestnut farm make per acre?
A mature Chestnut Farm can make about $128k per acre in cash before owner pay, versus about $871 per acre in Year 5; see How To Write A Chestnut Farm Business Plan? before treating that as take-home profit. Cash before owner pay means operating cash left after harvest labor, processing, packaging, and lease cost, but before debt, income taxes, reserves, and owner labor value.
Mature Acre Math
100 hectares equals about 247 acres
$138k revenue per acre stated
$128k cash before owner pay
Costs include harvest, processing, packaging, lease
Year 5 Reality
$14k revenue per acre
$871 operating cash per acre
Young orchards have thin cash flow
Debt and taxes are excluded
What affects chestnut farm profit margins?
Chestnut Farm profit margins mostly come down to channel mix, yield loss, and post-harvest costs; see What Are Chestnut Farm Operating Costs? for the cost side. The model assumes 65% wholesale, 15% retail, 10% food service, 5% flour, and 5% purée, so better prices only help if packaging, marketing, and handling stay in check. Yield loss can swing from 5% to 35%, harvest labor has to stay near 3% to 5% of revenue, and processing plus packaging can move from 4% to 25%.
Margin drivers
65% wholesale sets volume.
15% retail lifts price.
10% food service adds reach.
5% flour and 5% purée add value.
Cost pressure points
Yield loss can range 5% to 35%.
Harvest labor should stay near 3% to 5%.
Processing and packaging can hit 25%.
Higher direct prices can still miss profit.
Want the six drivers of chestnut farm profit?
1
Yield Ramp
0-4,000/ha
Output is zero in Years 1–2, then reaches 4,000 per hectare in the mature year, so the income curve is all about tree age.
2
Area Build
20-100 ha
Cultivated area rises from 20 to 100 hectares and owned share moves from 50% to 80%, so more of each crop stays in-house.
3
Price Mix
$6.45-$8.83
A 65% wholesale mix keeps the blended price near $6.45 early, and better premium mix can lift it toward $8.83.
4
Fixed Burn
-$4.8M
Fixed spend and staffing keep EBITDA negative through Year 6, and minimum cash sinks to about -$4.825M, so reserves drive survival.
5
Harvest Labor
3%-5%
Seasonal harvest labor falls from 5.0% to 3.0% of sales, so faster picking and tighter crew use protect margin.
6
Quality Loss
3.5%-5%
Yield loss improves from 5.0% to 3.5%, so tighter sorting and handling keep more crop sellable.
Chestnut Farm Core Six Income Drivers
Bearing acres and yield
Bearing Acres and Yield
This driver is the revenue base: only bearing hectares produce chestnuts, while planted hectares are still building capacity. In this model, area grows from 20 hectares to 100 hectares, but yield is 0 in Years 1–2, 500 kg/ha in Year 5, and 4,000 kg/ha in the mature year. More acres help only after trees start producing, so early owner pay stays weak.
Here’s the quick math: at 100 hectares, mature gross crop is 400,000 kg before loss. Saleable volume still depends on shrink, and the model shows 5% to 35% yield loss, so output can range from 380,000 kg down to 260,000 kg. That gap flows straight into revenue, gross margin, and cash available for the owner.
Track bearing acres, not just planted land
Split the forecast into planted, immature, and bearing hectares. Update bearing dates by block, not by farm average, and test yield per hectare at Year 5 and at maturity. Track lost volume at harvest and separate field loss from handling loss. One bad assumption here can make owner draw look safe when the orchard is still short on cash.
Use a simple rule: no draw from new acres until they cover their own cash costs. Compare actual kg per bearing hectare against 500 kg/ha and 4,000 kg/ha, then adjust labor and harvest plans before season starts. If loss stays near the high end, hold back cash instead of paying it out.
1
Selling price and channel mix
Selling price and channel mix
Channel mix sets the price you actually collect on each kilogram sold. With 65% wholesale at $550, 15% retail at $1,100, 10% food service at $1,650, 5% flour at $2,000, and 5% purée at $1,900, the weighted mature price is about $882.50, or $883/kg. A heavier wholesale mix pulls revenue down fast.
Higher-price channels can lift revenue and cash per kg, but only if extra labor, packaging, storage, and marketing costs stay below the price premium. If those costs outrun the spread, gross margin shrinks and owner draw falls even when sales look strong.
Track margin by channel
Measure each channel’s net price per kg, not just top-line sales. Here’s the quick check: price minus channel-specific costs. If retail or processed sales add margin after extra handling, grow them; if not, keep more volume in the simplest channel that still pays. Owner income improves when the weighted price stays above the full cost to serve.
Track kg sold by channel
Track price by channel monthly
Track packaging and storage cost
Track labor and marketing cost
Compare gross margin by channel
2
Orchard maturity
Orchard Maturity Drives the Cash Gap
Orchard maturity is the main cash-flow squeeze because this crop pays late. Model revenue is $0 in Years 1–2, about $98k in Year 3, about $174k in Year 5, and about $341M in the 100-hectare mature year. That’s the revenue ramp, not owner pay. The real question is how long fixed costs and living expenses can be covered before bearing starts.
What this hides: planted acres do not create income until trees produce. So the owner’s take-home income depends on staged planting, reserve cash, and off-farm income during the nonbearing years. If those funds run short, the orchard can look valuable on paper and still fail on cash.
Track Bearing Start and Cash Runway
Measure planted hectares, bearing hectares, and the months of cash left before first sale. Use the maturity curve to build a runway plan, not a salary plan. If Year 1–2 revenue stays at $0, owner pay should come from outside cash or reserves, not from expected harvest value.
Stage planting by cash availability
Separate reserves from owner draw
Forecast income by bearing acreage
Test survival at zero revenue
3
Harvest labor efficiency
Harvest labor efficiency
Harvest labor efficiency is the share of revenue you can pick, sort, and move in month 10 without losing crop. In this model, seasonal harvest labor runs at 5% of revenue in early years and 3% in the mature year, so labor discipline has a direct hit on owner pay. If labor is short, missed chestnuts turn into shrink, not delayed revenue.
Here’s the quick math: at the mature-year revenue of $341M, harvest labor at 3% is about $10.23M. At Year 3 revenue of $98k, it is about $4.9k. Owner labor must be tracked as labor cost or separate sweat equity; otherwise profit and take-home income are overstated.
Track month-10 labor, not just acres
Measure hectares ready to harvest, expected yield, labor hours, wage rate, and the share of crop picked in the harvest window. The key question is simple: can you staff month 10 well enough to clear the crop before loss spikes? More acres only help if the crew can collect them on time.
Watch owner hours too. If you work the harvest yourself, book that time as labor cost or sweat equity, then test whether cash profit still covers draw. A clean rule helps: if harvest labor rises above the 5% early-year benchmark or slips below the 3% mature-year target without better recovery, margin and owner income are being distorted.
4
Post-harvest handling and shrink
Post-harvest shrink
Washing, curing, refrigeration, sorting, packaging, and storage decide how much chestnut volume stays saleable. The model shows a 5% to 35% swing in yield loss, so the same orchard output can produce very different revenue. Processing and packaging materials also range from 4% to 25% of revenue, which hits gross margin before the owner sees any draw.
Cash timing matters too. Sales cycles run 2, 3, or 6 months by channel, so slow conversion can trap cash in inventory even when accounting profit looks fine. If product sits too long, shrink rises and the owner may not have enough cash left for payroll, debt service, or a profit draw.
Track shrink and cash lag
Measure saleable kilograms from each step, not just harvest volume. Track shrink after washing, curing, storage, and packing, plus packaging cost as a share of revenue. Here’s the quick math: if shrink moves from 5% toward 35%, the business loses a lot of sellable volume without adding acres. Fix the worst step first.
Track kg in, kg out, and spoilage.
Log packaging cost by channel.
Forecast cash by 2, 3, and 6 month cycles.
Match storage capacity to peak harvest.
Use that data to set pack rates, staff levels, and cold storage limits. If a channel pays slowly, keep a tighter inventory cap or shorter hold time so cash turns faster. The goal is simple: protect saleable volume, then convert it to cash fast enough to fund owner pay.
5
Fixed costs, land, debt, and reserves
Fixed land cash burden
Lease, debt, and land ownership decide how much cash the orchard can actually pay out. Leased land starts at $200 per hectare per month and reaches $250 in the mature year, while the leased share falls as owned land rises from 50% to 80%; mature-year lease cost is about $60k. That bill comes before owner pay, so higher fixed commitments cut distributable cash fast.
Track cash by hectare and by claim
Model leased hectares, owned hectares, debt service, and a separate reserve account. Land purchase price rises from $25k to $326k per hectare, so financed land can lock cash into principal and interest instead of distributions. Keep reserves out of operating expenses and out of owner draw, or a healthy harvest can still leave the owner short on cash.
6
Scenario objective: Compare lean, base, and high chestnut farm owner pay assumptions
Owner income scenarios
Owner income shifts with acreage, yield, loss, and selling price. The low case stays modest; the base and high cases assume much larger scale and cash before owner pay.
Compare conservative, base, and upside owner-income paths.
Scenario
Low CaseLow Case
Base CaseBase Case
High CaseHigh Case
Launch model
This is the smaller earnings path with limited scale and modest cash before owner pay.
This is the modeled middle path with stronger scale and higher cash before owner pay.
This is the stronger earnings path with the largest scale and highest cash before owner pay.
Typical setup
Year 5 on 50 hectares, 500 yield per hectare, 4% loss, and a $727 weighted price, with about $174k revenue.
A 70-hectare orchard with 2,000 yield per hectare, 35% loss, and a $775 weighted price, with about $105M revenue.
A 100-hectare orchard with 4,000 yield per hectare, 35% loss, and a $883 weighted price, with about $341M revenue.
Cost drivers
50 hectares
500 yield/ha
4% loss
$727 weighted price
one harvest month
70 hectares
2,000 yield/ha
35% loss
$775 weighted price
larger labor and processing needs
100 hectares
4,000 yield/ha
35% loss
$883 weighted price
highest staffing and reinvestment load
Owner income rangeBefore owner reserves
$108k cash before owner payLow Case
$921k cash before owner payBase Case
$316M cash before owner payHigh Case
Best fit
Use this to stress-test a slower ramp and tighter owner cash.
Use this as the main plan for a scaled orchard and fuller operating load.
Use this to test upside if the farm reaches full scale and premium pricing holds.
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Planning note: Scenario ranges are researched planning assumptions, not guaranteed earnings, salary promises, tax advice, or distributions.
